Civil Engineering Salaries in Architectural Design Field: What You Need to Know

Civil engineering is a diverse field that offers many career opportunities, including working in architectural design. Civil engineers in the architectural design field are responsible for designing and overseeing the construction of buildings and other structures. They work closely with architects and other professionals to ensure that buildings are safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing. If you're considering a career as a civil engineer in architectural design, it's important to understand the salary expectations and potential earning opportunities.

Salary Expectations for Civil Engineers in Architectural Design

The salary for civil engineers in the architectural design field can vary widely depending on a number of factors, including the engineer's level of education, years of experience, and geographic location. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual wage for civil engineers in the United States was $87,060 as of May 2020. However, this figure can be higher or lower depending on the specific industry and job position.

For civil engineers working in the architectural design industry, the median annual wage as of May 2020 was $88,820, according to the BLS. However, those working in the lowest 10% of the industry earned less than $57,040 per year, while those in the top 10% earned more than $143,250 per year.

Factors Affecting Salary in Architectural Design

As mentioned, there are several factors that can influence the salary of civil engineers in the architectural design field. Here are some key considerations:

1. Education and Experience: 

2. Geographic Location: 

The cost of living and demand for civil engineers can vary depending on the region of the country. For example, civil engineers working in urban areas may earn more than those working in rural areas.

3. Industry: 

Civil engineers working in specialty areas such as structural or environmental engineering may earn higher salaries than those working in general civil engineering.

4. Employer: 

5. Certifications: 

Civil engineers who hold professional certifications such as the Professional Engineer (PE) license may be able to command higher salaries.

Career Advancement Opportunities

Civil engineers in the architectural design field may also have opportunities for career advancement and higher salaries. For example, they may be able to move into management positions, such as project manager or engineering manager. Alternatively, they may be able to specialize in a specific area of civil engineering, such as structural or environmental engineering, which can lead to higher salaries.

Conclusion

Civil engineers in the architectural design field can expect to earn a competitive salary, with the potential for advancement and increased earning opportunities over time. However, it's important to consider factors such as education, experience, and geographic location when evaluating salary expectations. Additionally, civil engineers may have opportunities for career advancement and specialization that can lead to higher salaries. If you're considering a career in civil engineering in architectural design, be sure to research the industry and potential employers to determine the best path for your career goals.

 Management

Some important facts about management

• Father of administrative management Henry Fayol (1916)

• Father of scientific management Frederick Winslow Taylor or F. W. Taylor (1911)

• Father of modern management Peter Ferdinand Drucker 

• Father of Personnel Management Robert Owen

• Father of Bureaucracy management Weber 

• Father of economics Adam Smith

Different types of definitions of management given by different experts

• According to Henry Fayol

To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate, and to control.

• According to F. W. Taylor

The art of knowledge what you want to do in best and cheapest way.

• According to Peter Ferdinand Drucker

Management is a multipurpose organ that manage a business, manage a manager, and manage work and worker.

• According to Allen

Management is what a manager does.

• According to Donald J. Caugh

Management is the art and science of decision making and leadership.

Brick masonry 

Introduction 

Technical term used in brick masonry 

Bond in brick 

Laying of bricks 

Check in laying of bricks 

Precaution in construction of brick masonry 

 Job layout in civil engineering 

Introduction 

The site layout is the plan of any construction site. In which, showing the different uses of materials and their area in construction. In addition, it explains the relationship with the site to the facilities, materials, etc. located nearby. Meaning whether the materials used in construction are available in that area or not. If it is, then it will take less construction cost. Job layout definition 

Job layout

Principle of job layout 

There are following principles of job layout. 

•   There should always be two doors or openings at the construction site to allow easy entry and exit. If for some reason we are unable to provide two openings, then we make a cross over near that opening.

•   The General Office should always be given near the main gate

•   The warehouse should always be behind the General Office. This makes it easier for workers to carry and bring goods. Another advantage of this is that the observer is easy to maintain. Job layout for construction site 

•   The site layout design process should take into account the number of temporary facilities required for construction, the size and shape of the site, as well as the construction schedule.

•   The following temporary facilities should be available at the construction site like temporary office, cranes, storage areas for materials and equipments, workshops, access roads, rest areas, safety and health facilities, and security features.  Job layout plan drawing 

•   Temporary road should be constructed on the construction site so that materials can be easily exchanged and construction happens quickly.

There are following procedure for doing job layout on the construction site :--

Site clearance 

➡️      Site clearance is an important factor to be considered in job layout. 

➡️     It is first step for preparing construction site it involves cleaning of stone, vegetation, etc. and removal of soil to reduce level according to propose site. 

➡️     It ensures that the site should be free from vegetation and should have a suitable bearing capacity to improve the stability of building.

Preparation of job layout 

➡️     A plan in which placing of the site office, medical store, material storage house, labour quarter, and other facilities are properly prepared is called as job layout or site layout. 

➡️     The arrangement of process in such that the work is done smoothly and economically where should be proper co-relation for co-ordination among different unit. 

➡️     Substructure involves foundation and before construction of it we have to perform various activities such as site clearance, job layout, marking, etc. 

Job layout depends upon following factor 

1. Location, Area, and Topography 
2. Method of construction 
3. Type of work and structure 

Job layout on the ground 

It can be done by two methods are following 

1. Centre line method 
2. Face line method 

1. Centre line method 

Procedure 

From the plan of drawing centre line of wall are calculated and set out on the ground. 

STEP - 1

Suppose 1, 2, 3, ........., 11 the center line. These lines are extended 1.5 metres to 2 metres away from the outer edge of the excavation. 

STEP - 2

Corners point are marked using peg. Centre lines are marked clearly by stretching rope, and then after it is marked by line. 

STEP - 3

Corners point of rooms are checked by diagonal AC, BD,  EG,  FH. 

STEP - 4

Width of excavation is to be marked on the ground by using peg at appropriate position. 

STEP -5

Now width of excavation is shown by using line furrow with a spade. 

STEP -6

If plan of building is complicated than layout of building is done by using pegs at suitable interval. 

Center line method

2. Face line method 

Procedure 

From the drawing calculate the length of wall exterior to exterior which is called as face of wall. 

STEP - 1

Measure the distance on ground with the help of measuring tape and mark it with line. 

STEP - 2

The width of wall is then mark on the ground by the help of rope, lime, etc.  

STEP - 3

The face line of the wall is extended 2 metres from the face of wall,  it is so because during excavation the face line may get disappear. 

STEP - 4

For the proper rectangulation  of room diagonals where checked, such as AC, BD, EG, FH, IK, & JL. 

STEP - 5

If the plan of building is more complicated then use of pegs is according to ground condition. 

Face line method

Necessities of job layout 

•   For continuous supply of material.

•   To properly utilize the area available on the construction site.

•   To use the material properly and check its waste.

•   To provide space for vehicles on the same site.

•   To reduce confusion and prevent accident.

Precautions during Job layout 

The following precautions should be kept in account when marking layout on the ground.

•   Take correct measurement of distance by using steel tape. 

•   Levelling is done by carefully either by dumpy level or meason level. 

•   Take correct plumb bob for transferring the point to the ground. 

•   Mark the correct centre line and phase line on the ground.

Site clearance

Principle of site selection of building 

For good planning and development of building the site selection is very important. 

•   The purpose of building and privacy is important. 

•   Before site selection one should study by law of local community. 

•   The purpose of building which is to be constructed is pre-determined. 

•   The site should be located in fully developed area or fast developing area. 

•   The site should be situated at elevated place with uniform slope. 

•   The soil of site should have good bearing capacity.

•   The site should be situated in that area where community services like police station, fire station, street cleaning, etc. and amenities services like hospitals, schools, markets, etc. and utilities services like electricity, drainage system, etc are easily available. Job layout 

 Defect in timber

When a good Timber is subjected to any defect it losses following property. 

1. Colour 
2. Strength  
3. Decay  
4. Sound and 
5. Smell 

Defect in Timber is divided into five types 

1. Defect due to conversion 
2. Defect due to insect 
3. Defect due to fungi 
4. Defect due to natural forces 
5. Defect due to seasoning 

1. Defect in timber due to conversion 

This defect is caused when it is converted into different commercial shape and sizes. 

There are following types :-

A. Cheap stain 

This defect is indicated by signed or mark on finished surface of timber which is formed due to planning machine. Chip mark in timber 

B. Torn stain 

This defect is formed due to falling of instrument on timber during finishing. This defect is indicated by a small depression on finished surface of timber.

C. Diagonal stain 

This effect is formed due to improper sawing in timber. It is indicated by a diagonal mark on straight ground surface. 

D. Wane 

This defect is indicated by rounded mark on the finished surface of timber. In this defect original bark of timber is present on finished surface. 

2. Defect in timber due to insects 

This defect is mainly caused due to eating up to by insects. There are following types of defect due to in insects 

A. Beetles/Borers 

They form fine hole of diameter 2 mm in size. Conversion of timber into powder like substance without affecting top surface of timber. All types of timber get affected by Beatles. 

B. Marine borers 

They are found in is salty water. They form tunnel of size 25 mm in diameter and 60 mm in length. The timber which is affected by marine borers losses its strength and colour. There is no any timber which has completely immune from attack of marine borers. 

C. Termites 

These insects are also called as a white ant. It always lives in colony, and very fast in eating away the wood. Makes tunnel in different directions, and usually not disturb outer layer of timber. Few timber like teak, sal, etc. can resist the action of termite. 

3. Defects in timber due to fungi 

There are following types

A. Blue stain 

The sap wood of timber is stained to bluish colour by the action of certain fungi called as blue stain. It causes loss in appearance of wood. 

B. White rot 

This effect is mainly occurs due to the attack of fungi on the cellulose of timber convert it into white colour. 

C. Brown rot 

D. Heart rot  

It is the type of defect in which certain type of fungi attacks on the heart wood of timber is called as heart rot. 

E. Wet rot 

Some fungi cause chemical deposition on timber which converts into powder form. The alternate wet and dry condition favors the development of fungi which ultimately causes wet rot. To prevent the wet rot  we can use well seasoned wood or by painting Timber with Coal Tar. 

F. Dry rot 

Some types of fungi feed on wood and during feeding it converts it into dry powder form called as dry rot. Dry rot  occurs when proper ventilation & no free circulation of air is found. When a part of tree is seriously affected by dry rot, the damage portion may be completely removed and remaining portions should be painted with cuso4. 

4. Defect in timber due to natural forces 

A. Burls  

These are formed when a tree is subjected to injury or shocks in its young age. Due to sock irregular projection appears on the surface of timber. This defect is called as burls. It is also known as excrescences. Burls defects in timber 

B. Chemical stain 

Some trees causes to excrete the chemical and these chemicals ultimately cause stain on the surface of timber is called as chemical stain. Due to chemical stain the appearance of timber may get affected. What are natural defects in timber 

C. Knots 

This defect is mainly caused due to cut off branches of tree. The portion from which branch is removed receive nourishment from the adjacent stem for long time, and it ultimately results in formation of dark ring called as knots. It is hard and tough.Types of knots in timber 

D. Rind Gall 

Rind Gall is made up of two words. The first word is rind which means bark and the second word is gall which means abnormal growth. In this defect, a projection is formed on the stem of timber due to improper cutting of branches of tree called as rind gall. 

It is rarely found in trees. The part of the timber that is in it is very weak and not durable. And different parts of that timber have different strengths.

E. Druxiness 

It is indicated by white decay spot or stain on the surface of timber is called as druxiness. 

F. Foxiness 

It is indicated by red or yellow colour around the pith towards the outer layer. It generally happens to improper ventilation. 

G. Shake  

Actually shakes made in timber are cracks which cause high heat, wind, frost at the time of growth of the tree. It is that crack which separate the fibers of wood completely and partially.

It is following types of shakes depending upon their shapes and positions. 

Cup shape 

•   It is circular crack which not whole ring of timber. 

Heart shake  

Ring shake 

•   It is a type of cup shape which covers whole circular ring. 

Star shake 

•   It is a crack which extends from outer edge towards the shape wood. 

Radial shake 

•   It is type of star which is generally find cracks. 

5. Defect in timber due to seasoning 

Seasoning is the process of removal of moisture from the timber by providing proper ventilation. The moisture content of seasoning wood about 10 to 12% of it dry weight. 

There are following types of seasoning defects 

A. Bow 

The curvature formed along the length wise direction this defect is called as bow. 

B. Cup 

The curvature formed along the width wise direction this defect is called as cup. 

C. Check 

Check is a kind of crack that separates fibers, but it does not extend from end to another. 

D. Split 

The defect in which cracks formed from one end to other end is called split. 

E. Twist 

These type of defects are formed by twisting of timber during seasoning. 

F. Honey combing 

Stress is developed in the heart wood during the drying process or seasoning for these stresses, cracks, etc. are created in the form of honey combing texture.Defects in timber 

 Timber

Introduction 

It is large piece of wood which is used in building, carpentry, and other engineering purpose. The word Timber is derived from the old English word Timberian, meaning to build. Timber is also known as Lumber in the US and Canada.

Timber is a natural construction material that has been used for thousands of centuries. Due to the research being done on Timber in modern times, we can know its properties better. As a result, its production and applications have increased more than ever.What is timber 

It is also used in structural purpose as well as interior design because it is a natural material, due to which it is completely eco-friendly, renewable, and recyclable material. Due to being a natural material, its properties look different in different environment or area. 

All the wood which is used in construction work is called Timber or Lumber. In other words, we can say that every wood which has minimum yield strength, and which can be changed to standard size is called Timber.

In this blog, we will discuss what is Timber, its different types, its properties and function.

There are three types of timber :-----

1. Stand timber 
2. Rough timber and 
3. Converted timber 

1. Stand timber 

The timber contained in a living tree.

Stand Timber

2. Rough timber 

The timber which is obtained from after falling of tree. 

Rough Timber

3. Converted timber 

The timber which is sawn and cut into commercial size.

Converted Timber

Classification of timber 

1. Softwood 

The softwood species are coniferous and include spruces, pines, and firs. These trees generally retain their needle-like leaves throughout the year. These trees are generally evergreen. Hence, softwood trees are also known as evergreens. Types of timber in civil engineering 

Botanically, softwood is also known as gymnosperms. The origin of the word gymnosperms is a Greek word meaning "naked seed". This means that gymnosperms give seeds in cones instead of giving seeds from flowers. Generally these trees are grown in cold climates.

2. Hardwood 

The hardwood species are deciduous and include  oaks, birches, and maples. They have broad leaves, which they lose in winter. 

The hardwoods of the temperate zone are usually weather-based, while most tropical hardwoods retain their leaves throughout the year. Hardwoods mainly consist of large longitudinal cells and complex cell structures.

Difference between softwood and hardwood :--

•    The wood from both species is used  for structural timber, but softwoods are much more common in Europe due to their greater availability and lower costs.Importance of timber  

•    Never get confused about the word of both that Softwood does not mean that its timber is soft and hardwood does not mean that its wood is hard because balsa is a hardwood but is softer and less dense than any softwood, whereas pitch pine is a softwood that is very hard and more dense than all hardwoods.

•    Softwoods are light in color and hardwoods are dark in color. 

•    Softwoods are light in weight and hardwoods are heavy in weight. 

•    Softwoods have resinous structure and hardwoods have close grained structure.

•    Softwood is strong to withstand direct tension but weak to withstand compression or shear and the hardwood withstand equally in tension, compression, and shear. 

 Physical property of timber

Appearance 

A good timber should have good look or appearance naturally if it is not it should adopt painting. 

Hardness 

A good timber should have sufficient hardness, so that it can be resist loss due to friction. 

Toughness  

A good Timber should be sufficient tough,  so that it can resist impact load. 

Strength 

A good timber should have sufficient strength, so that it can resist compressive force sufficiently. 

Fire resistance 

Timber is bad conductor of heat. It should resist fire so that a proper duration of time should be their to leave out the fire building. What is the properties of timber 

Smell 

A good Timber should have a sweet smell. Bad smell of timber indicates its low strength. 

Sound 

A timber should give ringing sound when stretched. 

Shape 

A good Timber should be able to retain its shape during cutting, seasoning, etc. It should not wrap, or twist during seasoning. 

Working conduction 

A good Timber should be easily workable. It should not clog the teeth of saw, capable of easily planned, etc.  

Defect in timber 

A good timber should not have serious effect.

Mechanical properties of timber 

Density 

The wood substance / unit volume and moisturizing content present in a timber is called density of that timber. In other words, we can say that the timber in which the quantity of wood is more, its density will be more. Characteristics of timber

Density is an important indicator of the properties and strength of timber. The timber which has high density shrinks quickly.

Moisture content 

Timber is a hygroscopic material, which means that it exchanges its moisture, which affects its properties. 

Moisture content is the most important of all woods factors that affect its strength, properties, and durability.

Temperature 

Timber has low co-efficiency of thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. In other words, we can say that Timber is an excellent heat insulator. Its strength also is depends on thermal properties.

Durability 

There is always a risk of different organism attacks on Timber. Fungi use it as their food source. Due to which its strength, durability, appearance, etc. also decreases. 

It is very important to have a moisture to produce fungi in timber. If we control the moisture content present in the timber, then we can reduce the damage caused by these organisms. 

Apart from this, many insects and pests like termites, white ants, borers, etc. attack on timber and destroy it. So the amount of moisture content in the timber should always be maintained at 20%.

For more information go through below link 

Uses of timber 

•    It is used in frame of a door and window, shutter of a door and window, furniture, like chair, table, bed, etc.  

•    It is used in manufacturing of musical instruments like harmonium, tabla, drum, flute, etc. What is the use of timber 

•    It is used in manufacturing of agricultural instruments like axe, plough, etc. 

•    It was also used in railway sleeper, packing case, etc.  

•    It is used in construction of formwork, structural component like beam, column, lintel, etc. 

•    It is used in construction of temporary bridges, boats, etc. 

•    It is used for decorator purpose like showcases, furniture, etc. 

•   It is used in the body of making vehicles such as buses, lorries, trains, boats etc.

•    It is used for industrial purposes such as making paper, cardboard, wallpaper, etc.

•    Timber is an important source of energy. It is used in domestic works such as keeping the house warm, cooking, heating water.Experts believe that 40% of the timber harvested from the forest is used as fuel source.

Mortar 

1. It is a workable paste which is a mixture of sand, cement, lime  stone, dust, water, etc.  
2. It is used to bind building blocks such as stone, brick, concrete, etc.  together. 
3. It is used to fill the tracks, holds, etc.  
4. In the vast area we use pitch, asphalt, and soft mud and clay as mortar with brick.What is mortar used for 
5. The word mortar originated from the Latin word morterium which means crushed.
6. Nowadays we use Portland cement to make mortar which is called cement mortar, but in olden times lime was used to make mortar which is called lime mortar.Mortar gun 
7. Lime mortar was used in making special buildings and monuments.

Types of mortar 

1. Cement mortar 
2. Lime mortar 
3. Surkhi mortar 
4. Gauge mortar 
5. Gypsum mortar 

1. Cement mortar 

The type of mortar in which cement is used as a binding material and sand as fine aggregate with water, called as a cement mortar. Cement mortar ratio and uses 

1. Cement mortar has more strength, and it can be used in water logged area. 
2. Cement mortar is used in large area like masonry works, patching, filling, plastering, floor levelling, repairing damaged concrete, rendering, and development of precast products. 
3. Fine aggregate of 2 mm size is used in cement mortar. 
4. Generally the ratio of cement to sand is 1:2 and 1:6 in the cement mortar, and the ratio of cement to sand depends on what kind of work it is being used in. 
5. Cement and water are set and harden due to a special chemical process called hydration. 
6. There are different types of cement available in market but generally Portland cement is used for masonry works.

2. Lime mortar 

The type of mortar in which lime is used as a binding material is called as lime mortar. 

The assumption behind using lime mortar was that after it evaporates water and absorb carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere it becomes hard and strong, but it was only theoretically correct. Actually it took a very long time to strengthen.

Lime may be two types :-

A. Fat lime 

B. Hydraulic lime 

A. Fat lime 

The lime which has 95% pure calcium oxide  (Cao) and less than 7.5 % clay is called fat lime. 

It shrinks  to greater extend so, it is used two to three times of volume of sand. It is used in plaster work, painting work, distempering, etc. 

B. Hydraulic lime 

The lime in which more than 7.5 % clay and remaining pure calcium oxide (Cao) is found called as hydraulic lime. 

1. It is used in mortar in ratio 1:2. 
2. Hydraulic lime has more strength than fat lime. 
3. Fat lime is not used in damp conduction but hydraulic lime may be used in damp conduction. 
4. Hydraulic lime is used in foundation, brick work in super structure, etc.  

3. Surkhi mortar 

The type of mortar in which surkhi is used as fine aggregate in instead of sand lime / cement is used as a binding material is called as surkhi mortar. Surkhi mortar uses and ratio 

1. Surkhi powder is sieve through I. S. no. - 9 , so that the residue left is not more than 10% . 
2. In England, surkhi are also known as trass or brick-dust. 
3. Surkhi are not used in plastering and pointing because after some time it springs. Mud mortar 
4. It is used only in general work such as foundations and super structures.
5. Use of surkhi is useful in sea water construction.
6. It is used in some of the largest dams and mass structures in India in association with cement concrete as an admixture.Advantages and disadvantages of surkhi mortar 
7. This reduces the temperature produced during the formation of mass cement concrete, and also reduced cracking.

4. Gauge  mortar 

The type of mortar in which cement is used to improve the quality of lime mortar and to achieve early strength of lime mortar is called as gauge mortar. Gauged mortar uses and ratio 

•  The process of mixing cement with lime is called as gauging and mortar obtained called gauge mortar. 

5. Gypsum mortar 

The type of mortar in which gypsum is used as a binding material, sand as fine aggregate is called gypsum mortar. Gypsum mortar  mix ratio 

1. It is also known as plaster of Paris.  
2. It is used in historical or monumental building. 
3. The plaster of paris was used to repair structures. 
4. It was used by the Egyptians in building the pyramid.
5. It was also used to rebuild the city of Paris.
6. Gypsum does not form hydrates, due to which it is stable even in water.Gypsum mortar uses 

Function of mortars

1. It is used to fill the gap / cracks in building. 
2. To bind building unit, such as bricks, stone, concrete block, etc. to act as a single unit. 
3. To provide strength to the building unit to resist  vertical and horizontal load. 
4. To provide weatherproof property. 
5. Mortar is used to fill the empty space or irregular shape present in the brick masonry or block masonry.
6. In this, we decorate the brick masonry by mixing different colors or making a pattern.Application of mortar 

Properties of mortar 

1. The mortar should have greater adhesion properties, so that, it can joint two or more component  strongly. Properties of mortar in masonry 
2. Mortar should be economically. 
3. It should resist penetration of water. 
4. Mortar should be desirable. 
5. It should resist  weathering action due to neutral force.
6. When the mortar is cured, it becomes hard, and takes the form of rigid structures.
7. The mortar mix should be workable, meaning it can be used easily and can be easily transported to the construction site.
8. To form joints of pipes.Properties of good mortar 
9. It should be set and hardened easily and quickly to speed up the construction speed.
10. It should have the ability to develop a designed stress.